Pick a topic to study, or take a 100-question mock exam.
Order:
Air Law
General Provisions
Identification and Registration
- Aircraft registration eligibility, owner & types
- Nationality and registration mark formats
- Displaying aircraft marks in Canada
- Aircraft interim registration
- Aircraft registration cancellation
- Documents carried on board & by the pilot
Aerodromes and Airports
- Aerodrome classes and use
- Aerodrome terminology: surface areas, markings, movement, operator, RESA
- Aeronautical information publications
- Airport ground conduct rules
- Runway surface markings
- Runway holding position markings
- Closed and unserviceable area markings
- Special-purpose markings
- Aerodrome signs
- Night aerodrome lighting requirement
- Beacon, runway and taxiway lights
- Stop bars
- ARCAL pilot-controlled lighting
- Decelerometer CRFI reading
- AMSCR issuance, reissue & validity
Licensing and Training
- Licence and permit issuance requirements
- Flight time definitions
- PPL-A flight training minimums & cross-category credit
- Language proficiency rating
- Aviation document booklet (ADB)
- Licence, permit and rating privileges
- Cost-sharing and paid flying on a PPL
- Personal logbook requirements
- Recency requirements
- Medical certificate categories
- Medical certificate validity
- Medical certificate restrictions
- Medical review and exam duties
- Medical renewal, drug refusal and issuance
- Self-grounding duty (fitness to fly)
- Converting a foreign (FAA) pilot licence
Airspace
- Vertical and geographic divisions of domestic airspace
- VFR entry rules by airspace class
- ATC separation by airspace class
- Control zones, extensions & transition areas
- Airways and air routes
- Terminal control areas (TCAs and MTCAs)
- High-level control areas (SCA, NCA, ACA)
- The "appropriate ATS unit"
- Class C VFR entry procedure
- CVFR clearance & IFR weather response
- Class F identification code
- Class F airspace entry rules
- ALTRVs, MOAs and danger areas
- Forest fire flight restriction
- Lasers & directed bright lights
General Operating Rules
- Pilot-in-command's legal authority and responsibility
- General operating prohibitions
- Right-of-way rules
- Formation flight
- Marine law & right of way for an aircraft on the water
- Minimum altitude over a built-up area
- Wildlife and farm overflight minimums
- Take-off and landing site restrictions in a built-up area
- Low-level speed limits
- Precautions for intentional low flying
- Altimeter regions and settings
- True altitude in the standard pressure region
- Cruising altitudes (semicircular rule)
- Special Flight Operations Certificate: what triggers it
- Aerobatic manoeuvre rules
- Parachuting: Transport Canada's regulatory role
- Towing a glider or banner (CAR 602.22)
- TCAS/ACAS levels and advisories
- TCAS/ACAS RA response and phraseology
- Ground handling & engine-running safety
- Icing bans: ground contamination & route icing
- Alcohol, drugs & cannabis
- Onboard alcohol service
- Smoking prohibition
- Portable electronic devices
- Portable vs installed Electronic Flight Bags (EFB)
Operational and Emergency Equipment
- Survival equipment: required purposes, sufficiency and exemptions
- Life preservers & life rafts over water
- Northern operations: additional equipment
- Downed aircraft procedures
Flight Preparation and Flight Plans
- Flight plan vs itinerary by trip type
- Flight plan and itinerary contents
- Filing a flight plan: where, when, how
- Flight plan flight-rules code (Item 8)
- Flight plan equipment codes (Item 10)
- Composite flight plans (VFR/IFR)
- Intermediate stops on a flight plan
- Transborder customs clearance
- Opening a VFR flight plan on departure
- Amending a filed flight plan or itinerary
- Filing an arrival report
- When an aircraft is overdue
- NOTAMs
- NOTAM Item Format
- NOTAM vs AIP Supplement vs AIC
- CAVOK
Pre-Flight and Fuel
- Who the pilot communicates and works with
- Baggage, equipment and cargo stowage
- Passenger briefing contents
Aerodrome Operations
- Pilot-in-command's aerodrome duties & circuit direction
- 2,000 ft minimum altitude over an aerodrome
- Noise abatement procedures
- Mandatory frequency (MF) area
- MF position reports by flight phase
- NORDO / RONLY procedures, uncontrolled aerodrome
- RSC report scope and format
Visual Flight Rules
- VFR weather minima
- Circuit height under a low ceiling
- Special VFR request & pilot duties
- VFR over-the-top (OTT) minima & clearance
Radiocommunications
- VHF and HF radio system basics
- Radio station licence: issuance, content, type-approval, penalties
- Frequency selection & en route broadcasts
- RCO and DRCO remote outlets
- Radio communication failure
Emergency Communications and Security
- Distress and emergency frequencies
- Sending & hearing an urgency call
- Duties on observing distress or receiving a distress signal
- Ground-to-air symbols & small-craft panel
- Air Defence Identification Zone (ADIZ)
- ESCAT Plan obligations
- Interception authority & pilot actions
- Interception signals
Aircraft Requirements: General
- Which aircraft the Subpart 5 equipment rules cover
- Flight authority requirements
- Standard & special C of A
- Conditions keeping a standard C of A in force
- C of A invalidation
- Flight permit
- Equipment standard for operating an aircraft
- Unserviceable equipment: MEL and no-MEL deferral
Aircraft Equipment
- Day VFR equipment
- Night VFR additional equipment
- VFR OTT equipment
- Aircraft lights for see-and-avoid
- Transponder equipment requirements
- ADS-B Out
- Supplemental oxygen requirements
- Seat, belt and shoulder harness requirements
- Belt fastening duties
- Child restraint systems and restraint exemption
- ELT types and how each activates
- ELT requirements
- Unserviceable ELT relief
- ELT detection and battery life: 406 MHz vs 121.5 MHz
- ELT checks, testing & accidental activation
- When to activate the ELT
- Portable ELT signal optimization
Aircraft Maintenance
- Maintenance schedule
- Equipment test intervals
- Airworthiness directive compliance
- Maintenance release & elementary work
Technical Records
- Technical record & journey log entries
- Which technical records to keep, protect, retain and transfer
- When and by whom Schedule II technical record particulars are recorded
- Schedule I journey log entries: who, when, series exception, defects
- Abnormal occurrence inspection and journey log entry
- Journey log check before flight and the owner or operator's duty
Insurance
Transportation Safety Board of Canada (TSB)
- TSB definitions (occurrence, collision, operation, serious injury)
- TSB reportable accidents
- TSB reportable incidents
- TSB investigation, reporting & evidence
Air Traffic Services and Procedures
- ATC services & terminology
- ATIS broadcast, code letter, contents and when to obtain it
- Flight Information Centre (FIC) pre-flight and en-route services
- FSS aerodrome advisory service (AAS and RAAS)
- Non-ATC units: O/C, MFAU, PAS & apron advisory
- ATF, UNICOM & runway status
- ITU phonetic alphabet
- Numeral pronunciation (radiotelephony)
- Number formatting on the radio
- Call signs
- ATS unit call signs
- Standard words and phrases
- Radio speech and operating practice
- Radio call and reply procedure
- Radio check frequency, phrasing and the readability scale
- Radiocommunication priority order
- Radio channel control
- ATC clearances vs instructions
- Readback and acknowledgement
- When ATC cannot clear you
- Circuit legs and orientation
- Circuit altitude by aircraft category
- Circuit spacing and the active runway
- Joining the circuit at uncontrolled aerodromes
- MF/ATF broadcast phraseology
- Departure radio sequence at a controlled aerodrome
- Taxi authorization and ground communication
- Taxi holding positions: stop rule and transgression response
- Preferential runway selection
- Takeoff clearance, aborts, departure instructions and runway use
- Takeoff clearance modifiers and discretion
- Shortened runway phraseology
- Wake turbulence categories
- Wake turbulence: ATC separation intervals and pilot waivers
- Leaving the circuit
- Arrival sequence, transit and remain-outside instruction
- Initial contact call format and circuit clearance
- Joining the circuit at controlled aerodromes
- ATC circuit-sequencing instructions
- Runway manoeuvre clearances
- Landing clearance and go-around
- Land and hold short operations (LAHSO)
- Post-landing taxi, runway exit & HIRO
- NORDO / RONLY controlled-aerodrome procedures
- Light-gun signals
- VASI, PAPI, AVASI and APAPI
- ATC surveillance technology
- Transponder codes
- Transponder operation
- Transponder instruction phrases
- Surveillance information
- Identification, vectoring & termination of surveillance service
- Traffic information eligibility and transponders
- Traffic call phrasing
- Visual separation
- FSS use of an ATS surveillance display (AAS/RAAS)
- Requesting ATS surveillance assistance as a VFR pilot
- En route position reports & broadcasts
- ATC weather deviation requests
- VFR weather deteriorating en route
- Mayday and PAN PAN call format
- Distress call: MAYDAY structure, authority and addressing
- Distress message and action sequence
- Cancellation of distress and SEELONCE terms
- MINIMUM FUEL, MAYDAY FUEL and MEDEVAC calls
- Radar Alerting Manoeuvre for a lost or distressed aircraft
- Canadian Forces radar assistance in the ADIZ
- SAR agencies by domain
- SAR phases and code words
- Missing aircraft alerting & MANOT search process
- 2,000 ft minimum altitude over an aerodrome
- Abnormal occurrence inspection and journey log entry
- ADS-B Out
- Aerobatic manoeuvre rules
- Aerodrome classes and use
- Aerodrome signs
- Aerodrome terminology: surface areas, markings, movement, operator, RESA
- Aeronautical information publications
- Air Defence Identification Zone (ADIZ)
- Aircraft categories
- Aircraft interim registration
- Aircraft lights for see-and-avoid
- Aircraft registration cancellation
- Aircraft registration eligibility, owner & types
- Aircraft weight classes
- Airport ground conduct rules
- Airways and air routes
- Airworthiness directive compliance
- Alcohol, drugs & cannabis
- Altimeter regions and settings
- ALTRVs, MOAs and danger areas
- Amending a filed flight plan or itinerary
- AMSCR issuance, reissue & validity
- ARCAL pilot-controlled lighting
- Arrival sequence, transit and remain-outside instruction
- ATC circuit-sequencing instructions
- ATC clearances vs instructions
- ATC separation by airspace class
- ATC services & terminology
- ATC surveillance technology
- ATC weather deviation requests
- ATF, UNICOM & runway status
- ATIS broadcast, code letter, contents and when to obtain it
- ATS unit call signs
- Aviation document booklet (ADB)
- Aviation document obligations (CAR 103)
- Baggage, equipment and cargo stowage
- Beacon, runway and taxiway lights
- Belt fastening duties
- C of A invalidation
- Call signs
- Canadian Forces radar assistance in the ADIZ
- Cancellation of distress and SEELONCE terms
- CAVOK
- Child restraint systems and restraint exemption
- Circuit altitude by aircraft category
- Circuit height under a low ceiling
- Circuit legs and orientation
- Circuit spacing and the active runway
- Class C VFR entry procedure
- Class F airspace entry rules
- Class F identification code
- Closed and unserviceable area markings
- Composite flight plans (VFR/IFR)
- Conditions keeping a standard C of A in force
- Control zones, extensions & transition areas
- Converting a foreign (FAA) pilot licence
- Cost-sharing and paid flying on a PPL
- Cruising altitudes (semicircular rule)
- CVFR clearance & IFR weather response
- Day VFR equipment
- Decelerometer CRFI reading
- Departure radio sequence at a controlled aerodrome
- Displaying aircraft marks in Canada
- Distress and emergency frequencies
- Distress call: MAYDAY structure, authority and addressing
- Distress message and action sequence
- Documents carried on board & by the pilot
- Downed aircraft procedures
- Duties on observing distress or receiving a distress signal
- ELT checks, testing & accidental activation
- ELT detection and battery life: 406 MHz vs 121.5 MHz
- ELT requirements
- ELT types and how each activates
- En route position reports & broadcasts
- Equipment standard for operating an aircraft
- Equipment test intervals
- ESCAT Plan obligations
- Filing a flight plan: where, when, how
- Filing an arrival report
- Flight authority requirements
- Flight Information Centre (FIC) pre-flight and en-route services
- Flight permit
- Flight plan and itinerary contents
- Flight plan equipment codes (Item 10)
- Flight plan flight-rules code (Item 8)
- Flight plan vs itinerary by trip type
- Flight time definitions
- Forest fire flight restriction
- Formation flight
- Frequency selection & en route broadcasts
- FSS aerodrome advisory service (AAS and RAAS)
- FSS use of an ATS surveillance display (AAS/RAAS)
- General operating prohibitions
- Ground handling & engine-running safety
- Ground-to-air symbols & small-craft panel
- High-level control areas (SCA, NCA, ACA)
- Icing bans: ground contamination & route icing
- Identification, vectoring & termination of surveillance service
- Initial contact call format and circuit clearance
- Interception authority & pilot actions
- Interception signals
- Intermediate stops on a flight plan
- ITU phonetic alphabet
- Joining the circuit at controlled aerodromes
- Joining the circuit at uncontrolled aerodromes
- Journey log check before flight and the owner or operator's duty
- Land and hold short operations (LAHSO)
- Landing clearance and go-around
- Language proficiency rating
- Lasers & directed bright lights
- Leaving the circuit
- Licence and permit issuance requirements
- Licence, permit and rating privileges
- Life preservers & life rafts over water
- Light-gun signals
- Low-level speed limits
- Maintenance release & elementary work
- Maintenance schedule
- Mandatory frequency (MF) area
- Marine law & right of way for an aircraft on the water
- Mayday and PAN PAN call format
- Medical certificate categories
- Medical certificate restrictions
- Medical certificate validity
- Medical renewal, drug refusal and issuance
- Medical review and exam duties
- MF position reports by flight phase
- MF/ATF broadcast phraseology
- Minimum altitude over a built-up area
- MINIMUM FUEL, MAYDAY FUEL and MEDEVAC calls
- Missing aircraft alerting & MANOT search process
- Nationality and registration mark formats
- Night aerodrome lighting requirement
- Night VFR additional equipment
- Noise abatement procedures
- Non-ATC units: O/C, MFAU, PAS & apron advisory
- NORDO / RONLY controlled-aerodrome procedures
- NORDO / RONLY procedures, uncontrolled aerodrome
- Northern operations: additional equipment
- NOTAM Item Format
- NOTAM vs AIP Supplement vs AIC
- NOTAMs
- Number formatting on the radio
- Numeral pronunciation (radiotelephony)
- Onboard alcohol service
- Opening a VFR flight plan on departure
- Parachuting: Transport Canada's regulatory role
- Passenger briefing contents
- Personal logbook requirements
- Pilot-in-command's aerodrome duties & circuit direction
- Pilot-in-command's legal authority and responsibility
- Portable electronic devices
- Portable ELT signal optimization
- Portable vs installed Electronic Flight Bags (EFB)
- Post-landing taxi, runway exit & HIRO
- PPL-A flight training minimums & cross-category credit
- Precautions for intentional low flying
- Preferential runway selection
- Public & passenger liability insurance
- Radar Alerting Manoeuvre for a lost or distressed aircraft
- Radio call and reply procedure
- Radio channel control
- Radio check frequency, phrasing and the readability scale
- Radio communication failure
- Radio speech and operating practice
- Radio station licence: issuance, content, type-approval, penalties
- Radiocommunication priority order
- RCO and DRCO remote outlets
- Readback and acknowledgement
- Recency requirements
- Requesting ATS surveillance assistance as a VFR pilot
- Right-of-way rules
- RSC report scope and format
- Runway holding position markings
- Runway manoeuvre clearances
- Runway surface markings
- SAR agencies by domain
- SAR phases and code words
- Schedule I journey log entries: who, when, series exception, defects
- Seat, belt and shoulder harness requirements
- Self-grounding duty (fitness to fly)
- Sending & hearing an urgency call
- Shortened runway phraseology
- Smoking prohibition
- Special Flight Operations Certificate: what triggers it
- Special VFR request & pilot duties
- Special-purpose markings
- Standard & special C of A
- Standard words and phrases
- Stop bars
- Supplemental oxygen requirements
- Surveillance information
- Survival equipment: required purposes, sufficiency and exemptions
- Take-off and landing site restrictions in a built-up area
- Takeoff clearance modifiers and discretion
- Takeoff clearance, aborts, departure instructions and runway use
- Taxi authorization and ground communication
- Taxi holding positions: stop rule and transgression response
- TCAS/ACAS levels and advisories
- TCAS/ACAS RA response and phraseology
- Technical record & journey log entries
- Terminal control areas (TCAs and MTCAs)
- The "appropriate ATS unit"
- Towing a glider or banner (CAR 602.22)
- Traffic call phrasing
- Traffic information eligibility and transponders
- Transborder customs clearance
- Transponder codes
- Transponder equipment requirements
- Transponder instruction phrases
- Transponder operation
- True altitude in the standard pressure region
- TSB definitions (occurrence, collision, operation, serious injury)
- TSB investigation, reporting & evidence
- TSB reportable accidents
- TSB reportable incidents
- Unserviceable ELT relief
- Unserviceable equipment: MEL and no-MEL deferral
- VASI, PAPI, AVASI and APAPI
- Vertical and geographic divisions of domestic airspace
- VFR entry rules by airspace class
- VFR OTT equipment
- VFR over-the-top (OTT) minima & clearance
- VFR weather deteriorating en route
- VFR weather minima
- VHF and HF radio system basics
- Visual separation
- Wake turbulence categories
- Wake turbulence: ATC separation intervals and pilot waivers
- When an aircraft is overdue
- When and by whom Schedule II technical record particulars are recorded
- When ATC cannot clear you
- When to activate the ELT
- Which aircraft the Subpart 5 equipment rules cover
- Which technical records to keep, protect, retain and transfer
- Who the pilot communicates and works with
- Wildlife and farm overflight minimums
Navigation
Definitions
- Latitude and longitude
- Navigation definitions
- Heading: true → compass
- NAVAID, RNAV, waypoint
- ADF/NDB terms
- Alternate aerodrome types
Maps and Charts
- Chart projections, scale & selection
- Units of measure
- Relief symbols and elevation readings
- Chart symbols
- Terminal area charts (TAC and VTPC)
- Canadian airport chart (airport diagram)
- Chart & publication limitations
Pilot Navigation
- Navigation methods
- Measuring chart distance
- Measuring true track on a chart
- IAS → CAS → TAS
- Wind triangle (heading & groundspeed)
- Return track and return heading
- Time, speed & distance / ETA
- Published VFR routes & checkpoints
- Choosing a departure procedure
- Running the set-heading routine
- Map-reading technique
- In-flight log & cockpit checks
- Correcting a discovered track error
- Regaining track by angle & landmark methods
- Degrees off course vs distance from station
- VOR intercept and tracking technique
- ADF/NDB tracking technique
- Night cross-country navigation technique
- Low-level navigation technique
- Diverting to an alternate destination
- Circle of uncertainty
- Lost procedures, uncertain of your position
- DF and VDF assistance
Time and Longitude
- UTC / Zulu time
- UTC ↔ local time
- Civil twilight and twilight charts
- Eastbound flight timing (the "lost hour")
Navigation Computers
Pre-Flight Preparation
- Cross-country preparation timing
- Choosing a cross-country route
- Choosing a cruising altitude & planning range
- Marking up the chart before flight
- Reading a CFS entry
- Fuel planning & reserves
- Anticipating arrival at the destination
Radio Theory
Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS/GPS)
Other Radio and Radar Aids
- VOR characteristics
- VOR indicators: CDI, HSI, RMI
- VOR receiver accuracy check
- NDB characteristics
- DME slant range
- NAVAID serviceability and reporting
Electronic Flight Bag and Portable Electronic Devices
- ADF/NDB terms
- ADF/NDB tracking technique
- Alternate aerodrome types
- Anticipating arrival at the destination
- Canadian airport chart (airport diagram)
- Chart & publication limitations
- Chart projections, scale & selection
- Chart symbols
- Choosing a cross-country route
- Choosing a cruising altitude & planning range
- Choosing a departure procedure
- Circle of uncertainty
- Civil twilight and twilight charts
- Correcting a discovered track error
- Cross-country preparation timing
- Degrees off course vs distance from station
- Descent planning (top of descent)
- DF and VDF assistance
- Diverting to an alternate destination
- DME slant range
- Eastbound flight timing (the "lost hour")
- EFB electronic charts & moving-map limits
- EFB placement & workload
- EFB power and batteries
- Fuel planning & reserves
- GNSS / GPS use & safety tips
- GPS position integrity (RAIM)
- Ground-based radio aids in Canada
- Heading: true → compass
- IAS → CAS → TAS
- In-flight log & cockpit checks
- Latitude and longitude
- Lost procedures, uncertain of your position
- Low-level navigation technique
- Map-reading technique
- Marking up the chart before flight
- Measuring chart distance
- Measuring true track on a chart
- NAVAID serviceability and reporting
- NAVAID, RNAV, waypoint
- Navigation definitions
- Navigation methods
- NDB characteristics
- Night cross-country navigation technique
- Published VFR routes & checkpoints
- Radio propagation by band
- Reading a CFS entry
- Reading cruise performance charts
- Regaining track by angle & landmark methods
- Relief symbols and elevation readings
- Return track and return heading
- Running the set-heading routine
- Terminal area charts (TAC and VTPC)
- Time, speed & distance / ETA
- Unit conversion factors
- Units of measure
- UTC / Zulu time
- UTC ↔ local time
- VOR characteristics
- VOR indicators: CDI, HSI, RMI
- VOR intercept and tracking technique
- VOR receiver accuracy check
- Wind triangle (heading & groundspeed)
Meteorology
The Earth's Atmosphere
- Air composition and moist air density
- The standard atmosphere
- Atmosphere's real layers: troposphere, tropopause, stratosphere
Atmospheric Pressure
Meteorological Aspects of Altimetry
- Types of altitude
- Pressure altitude
- Sea-level pressure reduction
- Pressure altitude from the altimeter setting
- Density altitude
- Altimeter serviceability check
- Altimeter error (non-standard air)
- Cold-weather altimeter correction
Moisture
- Relative humidity, dewpoint, saturation & phase changes
- Cloud base
- Precipitation formation processes
- Precipitation type definitions
Stability and Instability
Clouds
- Cloud types & what they indicate
- Cloud features and what they signal
- Icing and turbulence by cloud genus
Surface Based Layers
Temperature
Turbulence
- Turbulence causes
- Turbulence intensity and reporting
- Jet stream
- Clear air turbulence (CAT)
- Mountain wave formation & cloud signs
- Mountain wave hazards
- Mountain wave go or no-go
Wind
- How wind forms, forces and surface friction
- Veer and back, with height and time of day
- Gusts, squalls and wind shifts
- Estimating wind without instruments
- Sea, land and lake breezes
- Mountain & valley winds, chinook & bora
- Low-level wind shear & microburst
- Microburst recovery and avoidance
Aircraft Icing
- Structural icing: conditions, supercooled water & ice types
- Icing intensity: trace, light, moderate & severe
- Icing distribution by cloud, altitude, and terrain
- Icing's lift/drag penalty
- Precipitation type & freezing rain by temperature profile
- Icing avoidance
- Roll upset recovery
Thunderstorms
- Thunderstorm formation and pressure cycle
- Thunderstorm life cycle & storm motion
- Thunderstorm types and severity
- Thunderstorm hazards
- Gust fronts and storm turbulence
- Thunderstorm avoidance distances
- Thunderstorm information sources
Other Hazards
Air Masses
Fronts
Meteorological Services Available to Pilots
- Pre-flight weather duty
- Weather service providers & CFPS
- AWOS and LWIS voice broadcasts
- Weather radar
- Volcanic ash advisories (Montréal VAAC)
Aviation Weather Reports
- Aerodrome observations: METAR, SPECI & RVA
- Visibility definitions
- Decoding a METAR
- METAR present weather group grammar
- METAR sky cover & cloud-type codes
- METAR RVR group
- METAR Remarks (RMK Line)
- SPECI trigger criteria: the ten lettered conditions (a) to (j)
- Aerodrome weather-observation station types
- AWOS: what it cannot sense, code or report
- Decoding a PIREP
- Filing a PIREP
Aviation Forecasts
- Flight categories: VFR, MVFR, IFR
- MET forecast-contraction glossary
- Graphic area forecast (GFA)
- GFA layout, comments box & corrections
- GFA clouds and weather chart: symbols
- GFA icing, turbulence & freezing level chart symbols
- SIGMET & AIRMET message lifecycle
- SIGMET & AIRMET issuance criteria
- SIGMET & AIRMET heading & identifier line
- SIGMET & AIRMET phenomenon line
- SIGMET & AIRMET area, coordinate points & movement
- FB upper-wind decode
- Upper winds (FB) interpolation
- TAF header, validity & issuance
- TAF availability and advisory forecasts
- TAF wind and visibility groups
- TAF cloud and significant weather groups
- TAF Change-Group Windows
- Wind shear: WS group, PIREP guideline & detection
- TAF Remarks (RMK Line)
- TAF amendment criteria & format
- Comparing a METAR with the TAF in force
Weather Maps and Prognostic Charts
- Aerodrome observations: METAR, SPECI & RVA
- Aerodrome weather-observation station types
- Air composition and moist air density
- Air mass codes & modification
- Altimeter error (non-standard air)
- Altimeter serviceability check
- Atmosphere's real layers: troposphere, tropopause, stratosphere
- AWOS and LWIS voice broadcasts
- AWOS: what it cannot sense, code or report
- Clear air turbulence (CAT)
- Cloud base
- Cloud features and what they signal
- Cloud types & what they indicate
- Cold-weather altimeter correction
- Comparing a METAR with the TAF in force
- Decoding a METAR
- Decoding a PIREP
- Density altitude
- Diurnal temperature variation and heat transfer
- Dust devils
- Dust storms and sandstorms
- Estimating wind without instruments
- FB upper-wind decode
- Filing a PIREP
- Flat light
- Flight categories: VFR, MVFR, IFR
- Fog types & formation
- Freezing level
- Frontal passage indicators
- Frontal weather (cold, warm, stationary)
- GFA clouds and weather chart: symbols
- GFA icing, turbulence & freezing level chart symbols
- GFA layout, comments box & corrections
- Graphic area forecast (GFA)
- Gust fronts and storm turbulence
- Gusts, squalls and wind shifts
- Highs, lows & isobars
- How wind forms, forces and surface friction
- Icing and turbulence by cloud genus
- Icing avoidance
- Icing distribution by cloud, altitude, and terrain
- Icing intensity: trace, light, moderate & severe
- Icing's lift/drag penalty
- Jet stream
- Low-level wind shear & microburst
- MET forecast-contraction glossary
- METAR present weather group grammar
- METAR Remarks (RMK Line)
- METAR RVR group
- METAR sky cover & cloud-type codes
- Microburst recovery and avoidance
- Mountain & valley winds, chinook & bora
- Mountain wave formation & cloud signs
- Mountain wave go or no-go
- Mountain wave hazards
- Obscuration codes, haze & blowing snow
- Orographic lift
- Parcel lapse rates
- Pre-flight weather duty
- Precipitation formation processes
- Precipitation type & freezing rain by temperature profile
- Precipitation type definitions
- Pressure altitude
- Pressure altitude from the altimeter setting
- Reading contours, temperature and winds on ANAL charts
- Reading front symbols on weather charts
- Relative humidity, dewpoint, saturation & phase changes
- Roll upset recovery
- Sea-level pressure reduction
- Sea, land and lake breezes
- SIGMET & AIRMET area, coordinate points & movement
- SIGMET & AIRMET heading & identifier line
- SIGMET & AIRMET issuance criteria
- SIGMET & AIRMET message lifecycle
- SIGMET & AIRMET phenomenon line
- SIGWX CB symbol, coverage and cloud depiction
- SIGWX chart levels, issuance and mid-level additions
- SIGWX hazard symbols
- Smoke: FU code, toxicity & clearing
- SPECI trigger criteria: the ten lettered conditions (a) to (j)
- Stable and unstable air: cloud, ride, visibility and parcels
- Structural icing: conditions, supercooled water & ice types
- TAF amendment criteria & format
- TAF availability and advisory forecasts
- TAF Change-Group Windows
- TAF cloud and significant weather groups
- TAF header, validity & issuance
- TAF Remarks (RMK Line)
- TAF wind and visibility groups
- Temperature inversions
- The standard atmosphere
- Thunderstorm avoidance distances
- Thunderstorm formation and pressure cycle
- Thunderstorm hazards
- Thunderstorm information sources
- Thunderstorm life cycle & storm motion
- Thunderstorm types and severity
- Tornadoes
- Tropical cyclones
- Turbulence causes
- Turbulence intensity and reporting
- Types of altitude
- Upper level ANAL & PROG charts
- Upper winds (FB) interpolation
- Veer and back, with height and time of day
- Visibility definitions
- Volcanic ash advisories (Montréal VAAC)
- Wave cyclone life cycle
- Weather radar
- Weather service providers & CFPS
- Wind shear: WS group, PIREP guideline & detection
Aeronautics
Airframes
Landing Gear, Brakes and Flaps
Electrical System
- Alternator, battery and bus bar
- Charging fault diagnosis and response
- Circuit breakers and fuses
- Electrical fire in flight
- Lithium battery hazards
- Electric aeroplane flight training
Engines
- Engine types, cycles & ignition
- Magneto ignition & the mag check
- Engine instruments: tach, MAP, CHT, EGT, fuel pressure
- Engine warm-up: two phases and RPM
- Engine cooling & throttle handling
- Cruise power and what cuts engine power
- Superchargers & turbochargers: forced induction
Lubricating Systems and Oils
Fuel System and Fuels
- Fuel grades, colours & MOGAS
- Fuel flammability: flashpoint, explosive range and auto-ignition
- Fuelling bonding, grounding & static charge
- Fuel system layout: feed, pumps, strainer and drains
- Fuel contamination: testing, drains & prevention
- Fuel icing in cold weather
- Vapour lock
- Fuel tank selection & switching
- Engine starting procedure
Carburation
- Float carburettor metering
- Carburettor icing
- Carburettor heat operating technique
- Mixture control: leaning procedure
- Detonation & pre-ignition
- Run-up procedure: fuel, carb heat, and full power
Fuel Injection
Other Aircraft Systems
Principles of Flight
Design of the Wing
Forces Acting on an Aeroplane
- Four forces in equilibrium
- Lift equation and density
- Drag & lift/drag ratio
- Climb and glide forces
- Ground effect
- Forces in a turn
- Turn technique
- Load factor in turns
- Stall speed: bank, altitude and wind
- Design manoeuvring speed (Va)
- Accelerated and secondary stalls
- Aeroplane upset criteria
Aerofoils
- Airfoil anatomy
- Boundary layer: laminar, turbulent, transition point
- Flap types & effects
- Tail configurations: stabilator, canard, V-tail
- Angle of attack indicator
- Icing effects on stall
Stability
- Stability types, maneuverability & controllability
- Longitudinal stability & centre of pressure
- Load distribution and rearward CG limit
- Lateral stability
- Directional stability
- Dutch roll and spiral instability
Flight Controls
Propellers
- Propeller blade aerodynamics
- Propeller left-turning tendencies
- Fixed-pitch & constant-speed propellers
- Constant-speed propeller handling procedure
Pitot Static System
Airspeed Indicator
Vertical Speed Indicator
Heading Indicator
Attitude Indicator
Turn and Bank Indicator/Turn Co-Ordinator
Altimeter/Encoding Altimeter
Magnetic Compass
- Magnetic compass construction
- Compass errors & reading accuracy
- Variation, deviation & course conversion
- Swinging the compass
Gyroscope
Electronic Flight Instrument System (EFIS)
Instrument Flying
- Attitude flying: attitude, control feel, and inertia lag
- Selective radial scan: phase-of-flight instrument priority
- Correcting pitch to hold level flight by instrument reference
- Entering a climb or descent on instruments
- Levelling off: leading the altitude
- Pitch & steep turns by instrument reference
- Partial panel flying
- Unusual attitude recovery by instruments
- Spin direction and disorientation on instruments
Flight Operations: General
- Preflight inspection
- Marshaller hand signals
- Wind direction indicators
- Control positioning while taxiing
- Runway numbering & taxiway markings
- Displaced threshold
- Declared distances (TORA, TODA, ASDA, LDA)
- Judging the approach angle from the runway picture
- Crosswind takeoff technique
- Crosswind landing technique
- Ground loop and swing recovery
- Wheelbarrowing
- Wet-runway braking friction
- Forms of hydroplaning
- Recognizing & handling hydroplaning
- Jet blast and propeller wash
- Exhaust-plume hazards
- Bird strike and ground-wildlife hazards
- RPA collision hazards & give-way duties
- Glider and winch-launch traffic hazards
- Controlled flight into terrain
- Obstacle marking & lighting
- Wire and powerline hazards in low flying
- Mountain flying
- Whiteout
- Thunderstorm penetration procedure
- Volcanic ash hazards and avoidance
- Laser illumination response
- Floatplane taxi modes, getting on the step & porpoising
Use of Performance Charts
- Adverse winds and gusts
- Crosswind component
- Crosswind design limit at 20% of stall speed
- Expected CRFI by surface & temperature
- Applying a CRFI report
- Contaminated runway take-off & reject point
- Snow-covered surface operations
- Runway gradient: landing and takeoff roll
- Take-off & landing distance
Aircraft Performance
- Attitude plus power equals performance: the power-change rule of thumb
- Power changes pitch the nose (pitch-power couple)
- Straight-and-level flight and changing airspeed
- Turn rate & radius
- Airspeed changes in a turn
- Climb speed selection (Vx vs Vy)
- Normal takeoff technique
- Climbing technique
- Climb speed correction for altitude
- Short-field takeoff and takeoff traps
- Soft-field takeoff technique
- Obstacle-clearance takeoff technique
- Flying for range & endurance
- Power-on descent stages and steepening
- Estimating glide range (windshield method)
- Why a wing stalls
- Factors affecting stall speed
- Slow flight
- Recognizing an approaching stall
- Stall entry for practice
- Stall recovery technique
- Spin aerodynamics
- Spin entry for practice
- Spin recovery procedure
- Spiral dive recognition, recovery and height
- Round-out, flare, and touchdown on a normal landing
- Gust-corrected approach speed
- Ballooning & floating on landing
- Bouncing & porpoising on landing
- Go-around technique
- Touch-and-go pre-takeoff check sequence
- Short-field landing
- Soft-field landing
- Tailwheel wheel-landing technique
- Glassy water landing
- Solo flight considerations
- Icing effects on aircraft systems
Weight and Balance
- Weight categories: licensed, basic, maximum permissible, useful load
- Weight limits: MTOW, landing, and structure
- Weight & balance / CG
- Weight & balance limits
- CG limits and controllability margin
- Local loading limits & load distribution
- Standard passenger weight tables
- Passenger weight estimation
- Weighing near maximum weight
- Pilot-in-command weight and balance duty
- Parking and securing an aircraft
Aircraft Critical Surface Contamination
- Frost & ice formation on the ground
- Surface contamination effects
- Ground de-icing methods
- Deicing and anti-icing fluid types
- De-icing fluid application & timing
- Holdover time
- Pre-takeoff contamination inspection
- Detecting severe icing (SLD) in flight
- Tailplane stall mechanism and recovery
- Tailplane icing avoidance
Wake Turbulence
- Wake turbulence: strength and behaviour
- Wake turbulence: roll hazard
- Helicopter wake turbulence
- Wake turbulence: ground, takeoff, en route avoidance and spacing
- Wake turbulence: landing avoidance
Search and Rescue (SAR)
- Emergency first actions: fly, then vital actions
- Open door, window, or panel: effects and latch checks
- Engine fire on the ground
- Hand fire extinguisher agents
- Forced landing site selection
- Forced landing checklist
- Precautionary landing site procedures
- Precautionary landing inspection pass
- Ditching procedure
- Advisory survival preparation
Aviation Physiology
- Hypoxia symptoms, altitude & types
- Carbon monoxide poisoning
- Hyperventilation
- Trapped gas, ears & sinuses
- Decompression sickness
- Scuba diving before flight
- Rods, cones and the night blind spot
- Depth perception cues
- Visual illusions
- Drift illusions at low level
- Vision disruption effects: afterimage, flash blindness, glare
- Visual scan & blind spots
- Spatial disorientation and vestibular illusions
- Coping with spatial disorientation
- Motion sickness
- G axes, jolt & turbulence loads
- Positive G effects
- Lowering & raising G tolerance
- Hearing & the ear's sound path
- Noise exposure and hearing loss
- Hearing protection
- Fatigue and sleep
- Dehydration and heatstroke
- Fitness waiting periods after medical events
The Pilot and the Operating Environment
Aviation Psychology
- ADM, CRM, SRM fundamentals
- Hazardous attitudes & antidotes
- Stress management
- Resource and workload management
- Threat and error management (TEM)
- 3P loop, TEAM & risk management steps
- PAVE checklist
- Personal minimums
- The 5 Ps check
- The DECIDE model
Pilot - Equipment and Materials Relationship
- Design eye reference point and seat-position guidelines
- Cockpit control categories
- Checklists and airmanship
- Automation management
Interpersonal Relations
- 3P loop, TEAM & risk management steps
- Accelerated and secondary stalls
- ADC and AHRS roles and failures
- ADM, CRM, SRM fundamentals
- Adverse winds and gusts
- Adverse yaw
- Advisory survival preparation
- Aeroplane upset criteria
- Aircraft brakes
- Airfoil anatomy
- Airspeed changes in a turn
- Alcohol physiology
- Alternator, battery and bus bar
- Amateur-built and ultra-light aeroplane risk
- Angle of attack indicator
- Applying a CRFI report
- Attitude flying: attitude, control feel, and inertia lag
- Attitude indicator reading & errors
- Attitude plus power equals performance: the power-change rule of thumb
- Automation management
- Ballooning & floating on landing
- Bird strike and ground-wildlife hazards
- Bouncing & porpoising on landing
- Boundary layer: laminar, turbulent, transition point
- Carbon monoxide poisoning
- Carburettor heat operating technique
- Carburettor icing
- CG limits and controllability margin
- Charging fault diagnosis and response
- Checklists and airmanship
- Circuit breakers and fuses
- Climb and glide forces
- Climb speed correction for altitude
- Climb speed selection (Vx vs Vy)
- Climbing technique
- Cockpit control categories
- Compass errors & reading accuracy
- Constant-speed propeller handling procedure
- Contaminated runway take-off & reject point
- Control positioning while taxiing
- Controlled flight into terrain
- Coping with spatial disorientation
- Correcting pitch to hold level flight by instrument reference
- Crosswind component
- Crosswind design limit at 20% of stall speed
- Crosswind landing technique
- Crosswind takeoff technique
- Cruise power and what cuts engine power
- De-icing fluid application & timing
- Declared distances (TORA, TODA, ASDA, LDA)
- Decompression sickness
- Dehydration and heatstroke
- Deicing and anti-icing fluid types
- Depth perception cues
- Design eye reference point and seat-position guidelines
- Design manoeuvring speed (Va)
- Detecting severe icing (SLD) in flight
- Detonation & pre-ignition
- Directional stability
- Displaced threshold
- Ditching procedure
- Drag & lift/drag ratio
- Drift illusions at low level
- Dutch roll and spiral instability
- Electric aeroplane flight training
- Electrical fire in flight
- Emergency first actions: fly, then vital actions
- Engine cooling & throttle handling
- Engine fire on the ground
- Engine instruments: tach, MAP, CHT, EGT, fuel pressure
- Engine starting procedure
- Engine types, cycles & ignition
- Engine warm-up: two phases and RPM
- Entering a climb or descent on instruments
- Estimating glide range (windshield method)
- Exhaust-plume hazards
- Expected CRFI by surface & temperature
- Factors affecting stall speed
- Fatigue and sleep
- Fitness waiting periods after medical events
- Fixed-pitch & constant-speed propellers
- Flap types & effects
- Float carburettor metering
- Floatplane taxi modes, getting on the step & porpoising
- Flying for range & endurance
- Forced landing checklist
- Forced landing site selection
- Forces in a turn
- Forms of hydroplaning
- Four forces in equilibrium
- Frost & ice formation on the ground
- Fuel contamination: testing, drains & prevention
- Fuel flammability: flashpoint, explosive range and auto-ignition
- Fuel grades, colours & MOGAS
- Fuel icing in cold weather
- Fuel injection principle
- Fuel system layout: feed, pumps, strainer and drains
- Fuel tank selection & switching
- Fuelling bonding, grounding & static charge
- Fuselage construction types
- G axes, jolt & turbulence loads
- Glass cockpit layout & limits
- Glassy water landing
- Glider and winch-launch traffic hazards
- Go-around technique
- Ground de-icing methods
- Ground effect
- Ground loop and swing recovery
- Gust-corrected approach speed
- Gyro instrument preflight and taxi checks
- Gyro limits & heading indicator reset
- Gyro principles & power
- Hand fire extinguisher agents
- Hazardous attitudes & antidotes
- Hearing & the ear's sound path
- Hearing protection
- Helicopter wake turbulence
- Holdover time
- Hyperventilation
- Hypoxia symptoms, altitude & types
- Icing effects on aircraft systems
- Icing effects on stall
- Impact icing
- IMSAFE fitness self-check
- Jet blast and propeller wash
- Judging the approach angle from the runway picture
- Landing gear types
- Laser illumination response
- Lateral stability
- Levelling off: leading the altitude
- Lift equation and density
- Lift from pressure and downwash
- Lithium battery hazards
- Load distribution and rearward CG limit
- Load factor in turns
- Local loading limits & load distribution
- Longitudinal stability & centre of pressure
- Lowering & raising G tolerance
- Magnetic compass construction
- Magneto ignition & the mag check
- Marshaller hand signals
- Medication and drugs (fitness to fly)
- Mixture control: leaning procedure
- Motion sickness
- Mountain flying
- Noise exposure and hearing loss
- Normal takeoff technique
- OAT gauge and aneroid capsule sensors
- Obstacle marking & lighting
- Obstacle-clearance takeoff technique
- Oil system: design, function, and gauges
- Open door, window, or panel: effects and latch checks
- Operational pitfalls
- Oxygen equipment and handling
- Parking and securing an aircraft
- Partial panel flying
- Passenger weight estimation
- PAVE checklist
- Personal minimums
- Pilot-in-command weight and balance duty
- Pitch & steep turns by instrument reference
- Pitot-static instruments, blockage and pitot heat
- Positive G effects
- Power changes pitch the nose (pitch-power couple)
- Power-on descent stages and steepening
- Pre-takeoff contamination inspection
- Precautionary landing inspection pass
- Precautionary landing site procedures
- Preflight inspection
- Pregnancy & flying
- Primary & secondary controls, balance
- Propeller blade aerodynamics
- Propeller left-turning tendencies
- Recognizing & handling hydroplaning
- Recognizing an approaching stall
- Resource and workload management
- Retractable gear operation
- Rods, cones and the night blind spot
- Round-out, flare, and touchdown on a normal landing
- RPA collision hazards & give-way duties
- Run-up procedure: fuel, carb heat, and full power
- Runway gradient: landing and takeoff roll
- Runway numbering & taxiway markings
- Scuba diving before flight
- Selective radial scan: phase-of-flight instrument priority
- Short-field landing
- Short-field takeoff and takeoff traps
- Slow flight
- Snow-covered surface operations
- Soft-field landing
- Soft-field takeoff technique
- Solo flight considerations
- Spatial disorientation and vestibular illusions
- Spin aerodynamics
- Spin direction and disorientation on instruments
- Spin entry for practice
- Spin recovery procedure
- Spiral dive recognition, recovery and height
- Stability types, maneuverability & controllability
- Stall entry for practice
- Stall recovery technique
- Stall speed: bank, altitude and wind
- Standard passenger weight tables
- Straight-and-level flight and changing airspeed
- Stress management
- Superchargers & turbochargers: forced induction
- Surface contamination effects
- Swinging the compass
- Tail configurations: stabilator, canard, V-tail
- Tailplane icing avoidance
- Tailplane stall mechanism and recovery
- Tailwheel wheel-landing technique
- Take-off & landing distance
- The 5 Ps check
- The DECIDE model
- Threat and error management (TEM)
- Thunderstorm penetration procedure
- Touch-and-go pre-takeoff check sequence
- Trapped gas, ears & sinuses
- Trim tab types and direction
- Turn needle, ball & coordinator limits
- Turn rate & radius
- Turn technique
- Unusual attitude recovery by instruments
- V-speeds & ASI markings
- Vapour lock
- Variation, deviation & course conversion
- Vertical speed indicator (VSI)
- Vision disruption effects: afterimage, flash blindness, glare
- Visual illusions
- Visual scan & blind spots
- Volcanic ash hazards and avoidance
- Wake turbulence: ground, takeoff, en route avoidance and spacing
- Wake turbulence: landing avoidance
- Wake turbulence: roll hazard
- Wake turbulence: strength and behaviour
- Weighing near maximum weight
- Weight & balance / CG
- Weight & balance limits
- Weight categories: licensed, basic, maximum permissible, useful load
- Weight limits: MTOW, landing, and structure
- Wet-runway braking friction
- Wheelbarrowing
- Whiteout
- Why a wing stalls
- Wind direction indicators
- Wing planform and aspect ratio
- Wire and powerline hazards in low flying